International Journal of Laser Dentistry

Register      Login

VOLUME 3 , ISSUE 1 ( 2013 ) > List of Articles

CASE REPORT

Ankyloglossia: The Diagnostic Dilemma

Suchetan Pradhan, Effath Yasmin, Amrita Munjal Shah

Citation Information : Pradhan S, Yasmin E, Shah AM. Ankyloglossia: The Diagnostic Dilemma. Int J Laser Dent 2013; 3 (1):19-23.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10022-1031

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-03-2018

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2013; The Author(s).


Abstract

Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie refers to a minor anomaly in the attachment of the membrane or frenum that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth, which may interfere with normal function and mobility of the tongue. This article focuses on how to identify and diagnose infant ankyloglossia. Also in this article, we have discussed an instrument fabricated by the team for clear retraction and visualization of posterior ankyloglossia.


PDF Share
  1. Hong P, Lago D, Seargeant J, Pellman L, Magit AE, Pransky SM. Defining ankyloglossia: A case series of anterior and posterior tongue ties. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010;74:1003-06.
  2. Genna C. Tongue-tie and breastfeeding. USA: New York: Leaven 2002 April-May;38(2):27-29.
  3. Pradhan S, Yasmin E, Mehta A. Management of posterior ankyloglossia using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Int J Laser Dent 2012;2(2):41-46.
  4. Nevin KG, Rajamohan T. Effect of topical application of virgin coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in young rats. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010;23(6):290-97.
  5. Dorland WAN. Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (31st ed). Philadelphia: WB Saunders 2007.
  6. Horton CE, Crawford HH, Adamson JE, Ashbell TS. Tonguetie. Cleft Palate J 1969;6:8-23.
  7. Coryllos E, Genna CW, Salloum AC. Congenital tongue-tie and its impact on breastfeeding. From AAP section on breastfeeding: Best for mother and baby. Summer 2004 Newsletter.
  8. Amir LH, James JP, Donath SM. Reliability of the Hazelbaker assessment tool for lingual frenulum function, Int Breastfeed J 2006;1:3-9.
  9. Hazelbaker AK. The Assessment tool for lingual frenulum function (ATLFF). Use in a Lactation Consultant Private Practice, Pacific Oaks College, Los Angeles 1993.
  10. Proffit WR. The etiology of orthodontic problems. In: Proffit WR, Fields HW Jr, Sarver DM (Eds). Contemporary Orthodontics (4th ed). St Louis: Mosby Elsevier 2007:130-61.
  11. Inoue N, Sakashita R, Kamegai T. Breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and non-nutritive sucking: Effects on occlusion in deciduous dentition. Arch Dis Child 2004;89(12):1121-23.
  12. Gomes CF, Trezza EM, Murade EC, Padovani CR. Reduction of masseter muscle activity in bottle-fed babies. Early Hum Dev 1995;42(3):185-93.
  13. Gomes CF, Trezza EM, Murade EC, Padovani CR. Surface electromyography of facial muscles during natural and artificial feeding of infants. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2006;82(2):103-09.
  14. Takasaki AA, Aoki A, Mizutani K, Kikuchi S, Oda S, Ishikawa I. Er:YAG laser therapy for peri-implant infection: A histological study. Lasers Med Sci 2007;22:143-57.
  15. Eriksson AR, Albrektsson T. Temperature threshold levels forheat-induced bone tissue injury: A vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. J Prosthet Dent 1983; 50:101-07.
  16. Kreisler M, Al Haj H, D’Hoedt B. Temperature changes induced by 809 nm GaAlAs laser at implant-bone interface during stimulated surface decontamination. Clin Oral implants Res 2003;14:91-96.
  17. Stubinger S, Etter C, Miskiwiecz M. Surface alterations of polished and sand blasted and acid-etched titanium implants after Er:YAG, carbon dioxide, and diode laser radiation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Imp 2010;25:104-11.
  18. Romanos GE, Everts H, Nentwig GH. Effects of diode and Nd:YAG laser irradiation on titanium discs: A scanning electron microscope examination. J Periodontol 2000;71:810-15.
  19. Moritz A, Schoop U, Goharkay K, Shauer P, Doertbuduk O, Wernisch J, et al. Treatment of periodontal pockets with a diode laser. Lasers Surg Med 1998;22:302-11.
  20. Ahmed MI, Sabahalkheir AH, Aldebasi YH, Hassan EE, Antibacterial influence of Omega diode laser exposure durations on Streptococcus mutans, J Microbiology and Antimicrobials, June 2011, Vol. 3(6), pp. 136-41.
  21. Deppe H, Horch HH, Henke J, Donath K. Peri-implant care of ailing implants with carbon dioxide laser. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2001;16:659-67.
  22. Cobb CM, McCawley TK, Killoy WJ. A preliminary study on the effects of the Nd:YAG laser on root surfaces and subgingival microflora in vivo. J Periodontal 1992;63:701-07.
  23. Radvar M, MacFarlane TW, Mackenzie, Whitters CJ, Payne AP, Kinane DF. An evaluation of Nd:YAG in periodontal pocket therapy. Br Dent J 1996; 180:57-62.
  24. Kranendonk AA, van der Reijden WA, van Winkelhoff AJ, van der Weijden GA. The bactericidal effect of a Genius Nd:YAG laser. Int J Dent Hygiene 2010;8:63-67.
  25. Block CM, Mayo JA, Evans GH. Effects of Nd:YAG dental laser on plasma sprayed and hydroxyapatite coated titanium dental implants: Surface alteration and attempted sterilization. Int J Oral Maxillofacial Implants 1992;7:441-49.
  26. Chu RT, Watanabe L, White JM, Marshal GW, Marshal SJ, Hutton JE. Temperature rise and surface modification of lased titanium cylinders. J Dent Res 1992;71 (Spec issue):144 (Abstr.312).
  27. Kreisler M, Gotz H, Duschner H. Effect of Nd:YAG, Ho:YAG, Er:YAG, CO2, and GaAIAs laser irradiation on surface properties of endosseous dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002;17:202-11.
  28. Matsumoto K, Hossain M, Hossain MM, Kawano H, Kimura Y. Clinical assessment of Er,Cr:YSGG laser application for cavity preparation. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2002;20:17-21.
  29. Wang X, Ishizaki NT, Suzuki N, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K. Morphological changes of bovine mandibular bone irradiated by Er,Cr:YSGG laser: An in vitro study. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2002;20:245-50.
  30. Rizoiu IM, Eversole LR, Kimmel AI. Effects of an erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser on mucocutanous soft tissues. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;82:386-95.
  31. Eversole LR, Rizoiu IM. Preliminary investigations on the utility of an erbium, chromium YSGG laser. J Calif Dent Assoc 1995;23:41-47.
  32. Gómez-Santos L, Arnabat-Domínguez J, Sierra-Rebolledo A, Gay-Escoda C. Thermal increment due to Er,Cr:YSGG and CO2 laser irradiation of different implant surfaces. A pilot study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2010 Sep 1;15(5):e782-87.
  33. Miller R. Treatment of contaminated implant surface with Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Implant Dent 2004;13(2):165-69.
  34. Kim S-W, Kwon Y-H, Chung J-H, Shin S-I, Herr Y. The effect of Er: YAG laser irradiation on the surface microstructure and roughness of hydroxyapatite-coated implant. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010;40:276-82.
  35. Pick RM, Colvard MD. Current status of lasers in soft tissue dental surgery. J periodontal 1993; 64:589-602.
  36. Kornman KS, Robertson PB. Fundamental principles affecting the outcomes of therapy for osseous lesions. Periodontol 2000; 2000;22:22-43.
  37. Santos MC, Campos MI, Souza AP, Trevilatto PC, Line SR. Analysis of MMP-1 and MMP-9 promoter polymorphisms in early osseointegrated implant failure. JOMI 2004 Jan- Feb;19(1):38-43.
  38. Salama H, Salama MA, Garber D, Adar P. The interproximal height of bone. A guidepost to predictable aesthetic strategies and soft tissue contours in anterior tooth replacement. Pract Periodont Aesthet Dent 1998;10(9):1131-41.
  39. Miller RJ. Lasers in oral implantology. Dental Pract 2006 Sept/ Oct;112-14.
  40. Xu Y, Young MJ, Battaglino RA, et al. Endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: Safety assessment in mammalian cell cultures. J Endod 2009;35:1567-72.
  41. DeRosa MC, Crutchley RJ. Photosensitized singlet oxygen and its applications. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2002;233- 234:351-71.
  42. Garcez AS, Nunñez SC, Hamblim MR, Suzuki H and Ribeiro MS. Photodynamic therapy associated with conventional endodontic treatment in patients with antibiotic-resistant microflora: A preliminary report. J Endod 2010 Sep;36(9): 1463-69.
  43. Brown SB, Brown EA, Walker I. The present and future role of photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Lancet Oncol 2004;5:497-508.
  44. Huang Z. A review of the progress in clinical photodynamic therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treatment 2005;4:283-93.
  45. Zanin ICJ, Maristela ML, Rodrigues LKA, Pimenta LAF, Hofling JF, Goncalves RB. Photosensitization of in vitro Biofilms by toluidine blue O combined with a light emitting diode. Eur J Oral Sci 2006;114; 64-69.
  46. Overman PR. Biofilm: A new view of plaque. J Contemp Dent Pract 2000;1(3):18-29.
  47. Shibli JA, Martins MC, Nociti FH Jr, Garcia VG, Marcantonio E Jr. Treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis by lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration: A preliminary histologic study in dogs. J Periodontol 2003 Mar;74(3):338-45.
  48. Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Lindhe J. Spontaneous progression of experimentally induced peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:845-49.
  49. Rinke S, Ohl S, Ziebolz D, Lange K, Eickholz P. Rinke S, et al. Prevalence of peri-implant disease in partially edentulous patients: A practice-based cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011;22:826-33.
  50. Renvert S, Persson GR. Periodontitis as a potential risk factor for peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009;36:10:9-14.
  51. Cho-Yan Lee J, Mattheos N, Nixon KC, Ivanovski S. Residual periodontal pockets are a risk indicator for peri-implantitis in patients treated for periodontitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 23:323-33.
  52. Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Cortelli JR, Costa JE, Costa FO. Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in Brazilian subjects. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:929-35.
  53. Turkyilmaz I. One-year clinical outcome of dental implants placed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case series. Implant Dent 2010;19:323-29.
  54. Laine ML, Leonhardt A, Roos-Jansåker AM, Peña AS, van Winkelhoff AJ, Winkel EG, Renvert S. IL-1RN gene polymorphism is associated with peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17:380-85.
  55. Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Oral implant surfaces: Part 1— review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:536-43.
  56. Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. On implant surfaces: A review of current knowledge and opinions. Oral Maxillofac Implants 2010;25:63-74.
  57. Teughels W, Van Assche N, Sliepen I, Quirynen M. Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17(Suppl 2):68-81.
  58. Karoussis IK, Bragger U, Salvi GE, Burgin W, Lang NP. Effect of implant design on survival and success rates of titanium oral implants: A 10-year prospective cohort study of the ITI Dental Implant System. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004;15:8-17.
  59. Renvert S, Polyzois I, Claffey N. How do implant surface characteristics influence peri-implant disease? J Clin Periodontol 2011;38(Suppl 11):214-22.
  60. Lang NP, Tonetti M. Peri-implantitis: Etiology, pathogenesis, prevention and therapy, In: Dental implant complications etiology, prevention, and treatment: Forum SJ (Ed). Blackwell Publishing, West Sussex, United Kingdom 2010.
  61. Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Maghaireh H, Coulthard P, Worthington HV. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: Management of soft-tissues for dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;18.
  62. Bouri A Jr, Bissada N, Al-Zahrani MS, Faddoul F, Nouneh I. Width of keratinized gingiva and the health status of the supporting tissues around dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2008;23:323-26.
  63. Miyata T, Kobayashi Y, Araki H, Ohto T, Shin K. The influence of controlled occlusal overload on peri-implant tissue. Part 3: A histologic study in monkeys. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:425-31.
  64. Baron M, Haas R, Baron W, Mailath-Pokorny G. Peri-implant bone loss as a function of tooth-implant distance. Int J Prosthodont 2005;18:427-33.
  65. Dvorak G, Arnhart C, Heuberer S, Huber CD, Watzek G, Gruber R. Peri-implantitis and late implant failures in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Periodontol 2011;38: 950-55.
  66. Shabestari GO, Shayesteh YS, Khojasteh A, Alikhasi M, Moslemi N, Aminian A, et al. Implant placement in patients with oral bisphosphonate therapy: A case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2010; 12:175-80.
  67. Serino G, Turri A. Extent and location of bone loss at dental implants in patients with peri-implantitis. J Biomech 2011; 11:267-71.
  68. Renvert S, Polyzois I, Maguire R. Reosseointegration on previously contaminated surfaces: A systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res Sep 2009;20(Suppl 4):216-27.
  69. Niemz MH. Laser-tissue interactions-fundamentals and applications. Auage, Springer Verlag, Berlin-New York, 2003;45-149.
  70. Walsh LJ. The current status of laser applications in dentistry. Aust Dent J, 2003;48:146-55.
  71. Welch AJ. The thermal response of laser irradiated tissue. IEEE J Quant Electron 1984;20:1471-81.
  72. Gutknecht N, et al. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop of Evidence Based Dentistry on Lasers in Dentistry. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd. 2007.
  73. Duck FA. Physical properties of tissue. Academic Press London- Toronto, 1990.
  74. Ishii J, Fujita K, Komori T. Laser surgery as a treatment for oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol 2003;39(8):759-69.
  75. Katzir A. Lasers and optical fibers in medicine. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego-Boston 1993.
  76. Nathan MI, Dumke WP, Burns G, Dill Jr FH, Lasher G. Stimulated emission of radiation from GaAs p-n junctions. Appl Phys Lett 1962;1(3):62-64.
  77. Prahl SA. Optical absorption of hemoglobin. Oregon Medical Laser Center: http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin/ index.html
  78. Strassl M, Kassenbacher A, Wintner E. Ultrashort laser pulses in dentistry. J Oral Laser Appl 2002;2(4):213-22.
  79. Stabholz A, Zeltzser R, Sela M, Peretz B, Moshonov J, Ziskind D. The use of lasers in dentistry: Principles of operation and clinical applications. Compend 2003;24:811-24.
  80. Kreisler M, Daublander M, Willershausen-Zonnchen B, d‘Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on the survival rate of gingival fibroblast cell cultures. Laser Surg Med 2001a;28(5):445-50.
  81. Rastegar S, Jacques SL, Motamedi M, Kim BM. Theoretical analysis of equivalency of high- power diode laser and Nd:YAG laser for coagulation. Lasers in Dentistry, SPIE 1646:150-60, 1992.
  82. Theodoro LH, Haypek P, Bachmann L, Garcia VG, Sampaio JE, Zezell DM, Eduardo C de P. Effect of Er:YAG and diode laser irradiation on the root surface: Morphological and thermal analysis. J Periodontol 2003;74(6):838-43.
  83. White JM, Gekelman D, Shin K, Park X, Swenson T, Rouse B, Tran K, Bullard S, Scott- Beckles B, Oto MJSB, Yamamoto A. Laser interaction with dental soft tissues: What do we know from our years of applied scientific research? Lasers in Dentistry, SPIE 2002;4610:39-48.
  84. Adams TC, Pang PK. Lasers in Aesthetic Dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:833-60.
  85. Bach G, Neckel C, Mall C, Krekeler G. Conventional versus laser- assisted therapy of peri-implantitis: A five year comparative study. Implant Dent 2000;9:247-51.
  86. Clayman L, Kuo PC. Soft tissue excision techniques. In Clayman L, Kuo P. Lasers in Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry. Thieme Publ, Stuttgart 1997;63-83.
  87. Convissar RA, Diamond LB, Fazekas CD. Laser treatment of orthodontically induced gingival hyperplasia. Gen Dent 1996;44(1):47-51.
  88. Goharkay K, Moritz A, Wilder-Smith P, Schoop U, Kluger W, Jakolitsch S, Sperr W. Effects on oral soft tissue produced by a diode laser in vitro. J Oral Surg 1978;36:932-37.
  89. Olbricht SM, Stern RS, Tang SV, Noe JM, Arndt KA. Complications of cutaneous laser surgery: A survey. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(3):345-49.
  90. Pinheiro AL, Limeira Jr FA, Gerbi MEM, Ramalho LMP. Effect of 830 nm laser light on the repair of bone defects grafted with inorganic bovine bone and decalciûed cortical osseous membrane. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2003;21(6):383-88.
  91. Romanos GE. Atlas der chirurgischen Laserzahnheilkunde. Urban und Fischer Verlag, München 1999.
  92. Romanos GE, Nentwig GH. Present and future of lasers in oral soft tissue surgery: Clinical applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996;14(4):179-84.
  93. Strauss RA. Laser management of discrete lesions. In : Laser applications in oral maxillofacial surgery. (Eds) Catone G A, Alling C C, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1997
  94. White JM, Goodis HE, Horton J, Gold S. Current status of lasers in soft tissue dental surgery. J Periodontol 1994;65(7):733-35.
  95. Yousuf A, Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Yamada Y, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. Removal of gingival melanin pigmentation with the semiconductor diode laser: A case report. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2000;18:263-66.
  96. Zeinoun T, Nammour S, Dourov N, Aftimos G, Luomanen M. Myofibroblasts in healing laser excision wounds. Lasers Surg Med 2001;28:74-79.
  97. Al-Watban FA, Zhang XY. The comparison of effects between pulsed and CW lasers on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2004;22(1):15-18.
  98. Gutknecht N, Gogswaardt D, Conrads G, Apel C, Schubert C, Lampert F. Diode laser radiation and its bactericidal effect in root canal wall dentin. J Clin Las Med Surg 2000;57:57-60.
  99. Parkins F. Lasers in pediatric and adolescent dentistry. Dent Clin N Amer 2000;44:821-30.
  100. Santaella MR, Braun A, Matson E, Frentzen M. Effect of diode laser and fluoride varnish on initial surface demineralisation of primary dentition enamel: An in vitro study. Int J Paed Dent 2004;14:199-203.
  101. Tuner J, Hode L. The laser therapy handbook. Grängesberg 2004;231.
  102. Gherlone EF, Maiorana C, Grassi RF, Ciancaglini R, Cattoni F. The use of 980 nm diode and 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser for gingival retraction in fixed prostheses. J Oral Laser Applications 2004;4:183-90.
  103. Glauche CE, de Freitas PM, Vieira ND, Marques JL. Qualitative microanalysis of ions and ultrastructuralchanges in dentin exposed to laser irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 2005;36(4): 334-39.
  104. Gutknecht N, Zimmermann R, Lampert F. Lasers in periodontology: State of the art. J Oral Laser Applications 2001a;1:169-79.
  105. Kreisler M, Haj HA, d‘Hoedt B. Clinical efficacy of semiconductor laser application as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planning. Lasers Surg Med 2005;37:350-55.
  106. Mester E, Spiry T, Szende B, Tota JG. Effect of laser rays on wound healing. Am J Surg 1971;22:532-35.
  107. Patruta S, Franz A, Beer F, Goharkhay K, Sperr W, Moritz A. In vitro stimulatory effect of diode laser on the secretion of tissue inhibitor of matrix mealloproteinases 1(TIMP-1) in human gingival fibroblast: A preliminary report. J Oral Laser Applications 2004;4(3):167-70.
  108. Silveira LB, Silveira JB, Ribeiro MS, Garrocho AA, Novelli MD, Marigo H, Growth EB, et al. In vivo study on mast cells behavior following low intensity visible and near infrared laser radiation (abstract 304). Lasers Surg Med 2002;82.
  109. Bach G, Koch HK, Hellerich U, Venzke T. Konventionelle Diodenlaser versus Hochpulstechnik. Laser Journal 1/2008:18-20.
  110. Deppe H, Horch HH. Laseranwendungen in der chirurgischen Zahn-,Mund-und Kieferheilkunde. Laser Zahnheilkunde 2007;4:219-22.
  111. Horch HH, Deppe H. Laser anwendungen im Mund-Kiefer- Gesichtsbereich. In Horch HH: Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie. München: Elsevier 2007;797-820.
  112. Roodenburg JL, Witjes MJ, deVeld DC; Tan IB, Nauta JM: Lasers in dentistry. Use of lasers in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2002;109:470.
  113. Maiorana C, Salina S. Oral soft tissue pathologies: Long-term evaluation after laser treatment. J Oral Laser Appl 2001;1:20.
  114. Crippa R. Report on 103 cases of precancerous and other oral lesions treated with a diode laser. J Oral Laser Appl 2001;1:26.
  115. Bach G. Er:YAG versus Diode-Zwei Wellenlängen made in Baden-Württemberg. Laser Zahnheilkunde 2007;4:283-87.
  116. Andersen K. Laser technology- a surgical tool of the past, present and future. Aorn J 2003;78:794-802.
  117. Eichler J, Schneeweiss-Wolter C. Wirkung von Laserstrahlung auf Gewebe. MTA 1999;14:255.
  118. McKenzie AL. Physics of thermal processes in laser- tissue interaction. Phys Med Biol 1990;35:1175-209.
  119. Sullins KE. Diode laser and endoscopic laser surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002;32:639-648.
  120. Svaasand LO, Boerslid T, Oeveraasen M. Thermal and optical properties of living tissue: Application to laser-induced hyperthermia. Lasers Surg Med 1985;5:589-602.
  121. Welch AJ, Motamedi M, Rastegar S, LeCarpentier GL, Jansen D. Laser thermal ablation. Photochem. Photobiol 1991;53: 815-23.
  122. Lippert BM, et al. Wound healing after laser treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Lasers Med Sci. 2003;18(1):36-42.
  123. Grossenbacher R. Laser surgery in the oral cavity. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992;10(1):19-21.
  124. Guttenberg SA, Emery RW. Laser resurfacing and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Dermatol. Surg 1999;25(6):519.
  125. Coleton S. Laser treatment of atypical oral pigmentation. A case report. NY State Dent J 2006;72(2):22-23.
  126. Damante CA, et al. Histomorphometric study of the healing of human oral mucosa after gingivoplasty and low-level laser therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2004;35(5):377-84.
  127. Eichler J, Eichler HJ. Laser. Springer Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg- New York 1991.
  128. Manni J. Surgical diode lasers. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992;10: 377-80.
  129. Pick RM, Powel GL. Lasers in dentistry, soft tissue procedures. Dent Clin North Am 1993;37:281-97.
  130. Scherer H, Fuhere A, Hopf J. Current status of laser surgery of benign diseases in the area of soft palate. Laryngol Rhinol Otol 1994;73:14-18.
  131. Morita T, Okamura Y, Ookub K, et al. A new instrument for hemostatic vascular management in endoscopic surgery: Diode laser(STATLaser-SDL) and it‘s hand piece (Dual Hook). J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999;17:57-61.
  132. Claus PN. Comparative study on CW mode versus pulsed mode in AlGaAs diode lasers. SPIE Proc 2001;4249:44-49.
  133. Krause F, Frentzen M. Dioden- Laser in der zahnmedizinischen Anwendung. DGL Zeitschrift für Laserzahnheilkunde 2007;3/ 07:151-58.
  134. Coluzzi DJ. Lasers and soft tissue curettage: An update. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002;23:1104-111.
  135. Dederich DN. Laser curettage: An overview. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002;23:1097-103.
  136. Schwarz F, Sculean A, Berakdar M, Szathmari L, Geoerg T, Becker J. In vivo and in vitro effects of an Er:YAG laser, a diode laser, and scaling and root-planning on periodontally diseased root surfaces: A comparative histologic study. Lasers Surg Med 2003;32:359-66.
  137. Fontana CR, Kurachi C, Mendonca CR, Bagnato VS. Temperature variation at soft periodontal and rat bone tissue during a medium- power diode laser exposure. Photomed Lasres Surg 2004;22:519-22.
  138. Gold SJ, Vilardi MA. Pulsed laser beam effect on gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21(6):391-96.
  139. Borrajo JL, Varela LG, Castro LG, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Torreira MG: Diode laser (980 nm) as an adjunct to scaling and root planning. Photomed Laser Surg 2004;22:509-12.
  140. Kreisler M, Al Haj H, Daublander M, Gotz H, Duschner H, Willershausen B, D‘Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on root surface in vitro. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2002;20:63-69.
  141. Meister J, Franzen R. Dentale Lasersysteme Teil II: Der Dioden- Laser. DGL Zeitschrift für Laserzahnheilkunde 2007;3/07: 185-89.
  142. Alam T, Dawasaz AA, Thukral N, Jangam D. Surgical diode laser excision for peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma: A case report and literature review. J Oral Laser Applications 2008;8:43- 49.
  143. Convissar RA. An overview of laser wavelength used in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2000;44:753-765.
  144. Kreisler M, Meier C, Stender E, Daubländer M, Willershausen- Zönnchen B, de Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on the attachment rate of periodontal ligament cells: An in vitro study. J Periodontol Oct 2001;72(10):1312-17.
  145. Black P. Der Dentallaser in der oralen Chirurgie-Masterthese- Teil2 Laser Journal 1/2007: 16-21, 2007 146. Van Hillegersberg R: Fundamentals of Laser Surgery Eur J Surg Jan 1997;163(1): 3-12.
  146. Haina D, Landthaler M, Braun-Falco O, Waidelich W. Comparison of the maximum coagulation depth in human skin for different types of medical lasers. Lasers Surg Med 1987;7(4): 355-62.
  147. Sullins KE. Diode laser and endoscopic laser surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract May 2002;32(3):639-48.
  148. McKenzie AL. Physics of thermal processes in laser-tissue interaction. Phys Med Biol Sep 1990;35(9):1175-209.
  149. Reinisch L. Laser physics and tissue interaction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am Dec 1996;29(6):893-914.
  150. Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: Science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:751-70.
  151. Maiorana C, Salina S. Versatility of superpulsed diode laser in oral surgery: A clinical report. J Oral Laser Appl 2006;6: 193-99.
  152. Gold SI, Villardi MA. Pulsed laser beam effects on gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:391-96.
  153. Kamp M Halbleiterlaser. Vorlesung WS 2006, Technische Physik, Uni Würzburg 2006.
  154. Schäfer O. Die Entwicklung des Diodenlasers bis zur Digitalpulstechnik. Laser Journal 2/2008:6-7.
  155. Nanami T, Shiba H, Ikeuchi S, Nagai T, Asanami S, Shibata T. Clinical applications and basic studies of laser in dentistry and oral surgery. Keio J Med Dec.1993;42(4):199-201.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.