International Journal of Laser Dentistry

Register      Login

VOLUME 5 , ISSUE 3 ( 2015 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Semiconductor Diode Laser provides Desirable Smile: A Clinical and Histological Study with 1-year Follow-up

Abhishek Gautam

Citation Information : Gautam A. Semiconductor Diode Laser provides Desirable Smile: A Clinical and Histological Study with 1-year Follow-up. Int J Laser Dent 2015; 5 (3):53-57.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10022-1074

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-06-2017

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2015; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: The semiconductor diode (SCD) laser is compact, cost-effective, and versatile tool for performing soft tissues applications. The advantage of laser includes a relatively bloodless operating field, sterilization of the wound site, minimal swelling and scaring, reduction of surgical time, and less postoperative pain to the patients in dentistry. This technique is successfully used to evaluate the effects for removal of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation and to assess the color of gingiva pain, wound healing along with the appearance of gingival repigmentation by clinical and histological examination in the present study. Materials and methods: For this purpose, 5 patients were studied, which includes four females and one male, age between 19 and 40 in which four patients were nonsmokers and one was smoker found periodontally healthy and had no systemic diseases. Results: The SCD laser found effective in removing gingival melanin pigmentation as well as no bleeding with any significant pain was reported by patients. However, repigmentations were observed with Fontana-Masson staining. Conclusion: These results pointed out that SCD is good and safe for removal of pigmented gingiva without local anesthesia. The postoperative period is comfortable for the patient and healing is fast and good. Clinical significance: The SCD laser is easy and effectively used for gingiva hyperpigmentation removal. Ablation of gingival hyperpigmented areas was accomplished without any bleeding complication or slight pain or no pain observed, which provide clean field during time of procedures, uneventful healing without any complication. No recurrence or slight recurrence of pigmentation had been found in 12 months follow-up.


PDF Share
  1. Tong AKF,. Tan OT,. Boll J,. Parrish JA,. Murpy. GF Ultrastructure: effects of melanin pigment on target specificity using pulsed dye laser (577 nm). J Invest Dermatol 1987 Jun;88(6):747-752.
  2. Aderson RR,. Margolis RJ,. Watanabe S,. Flotte T,. Hruza GJ,. Dover JS. Selective photothermolysis of cutaneous pigmentation by Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser pulses at 1064, 532 and 355 nm. J Invest Dermatol 1989 Jul;93:28-32.
  3. Oshiro, T. Laser treatment for Naevi. In: Laser treatment for Naevi. England: West Sussex; 1995. p. 121-232.
  4. Glickman, I.; Smulow, J.B. Gingiva pigmentation. In: Periodontal disease. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1974. p. 4.
  5. Hirschfeld I, Hirschfeld L. Oral pigmentation and method of removing. it Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 1951 Aug;4(8):1012-1016.
  6. Tal H, Landsberg J, Kozlovsky A. Cryosurgical depigmentation of the gingiva – a case report J. Clin Periodontol 1987 Nov;14(10):614-617.
  7. Kinoshita, S.; Wen, R. A color atlas of periodontics St. Louis, Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc.; 1985. p. 190-196
  8. Ayress S. Dermal changes following application of chemical cauterants to aging skin. Arch Dermatol 1960;82(4):578-585.
  9. Matsumoto K,. Ochi K,. Tachibana H,. Wakabayashi H Study. on the removal of melanin pigmentation by Nd:YAG laser. Jap J Conserv Dent 1986;29:1543-1547.
  10. Trelles MA,. Verkruysse W,. Segui JM,. Udaeta A Treatment of. melanotic spot in the gingiva by argon laser. J Oral Maxillofac. Surg 1993 Jul;51(7):759-761.
  11. Absten, G.T.; Joffe, S.N. Laser-tissue interaction. In: Lasers in medicines. 2nd ed. London: Cameron HG Wright; 1989. p. 16-21.
  12. Smith PW. The soft laser: therapeutic tool and popular placebo? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 Dec;66(6):654-658.
  13. Basford JR. Low-energy laser therapy: controversies and new research findings. Lasers Surg Med. 1989;9(1):1-5.
  14. Strang R,. Moseley H,. Carmichael A Soft lasers.–.have they. a place in dentistry? Br Dent J 1988 Sep;165(6):221-225.
  15. Dummett CO, Gupta OP. Estimating the epidemiology of the oral pigmentation. J Natl Med Assoc. 1964 Sep;56(5):419-420.
  16. Rosa DA, Aranha AC, Eduardo CP, Akira A. Esthetic treatment of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation with Er:YAG laser: short term clinical observations and patient follow-up. J Periodontol 2007 Oct; 78(10):2018-2025.
  17. Lagdive S,. Doshi Y,. Marawar PP. Management of gingival. hyperpigmentation using surgical blade and diode laser therapy: a comparative study. J Oral Laser Appl 2009 Spring; 9(1):41-47.
  18. Azzeh. MM Treatment of. gingival hyperpigmentation. by. erbium doped: yttrium, aluminium, and garnet laser for aesthetic purpose. J Periodontol 2007 Jan;78:177-184.
  19. Ko HJ,. Park JW,. Suh JY,. Lee JM. Esthetic treatment of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation with a Nd:YAG Laser and high speed rotary instrument: comparative case report. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010 Aug;40(4):201-205.
  20. Hu F, Fosnaugh RP, Leney PF. In vitro studies on vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1959 Nov;33(5):267-280.
  21. Dummett CO. Oral pigmentation. In First symposium on oral pigmentation, Dummett C.O; consulting editor. J Periodontal 1960 Oct;31:356-360.
  22. Tal H, Stahl SS. Healing following devitalization of sites within the periodontal ligament by ultralow temperatures. J Periodontol 1986 Dec;57(12):735-741.
  23. Bergamaschi O,. Kon S,. Doine AI,. Ruben MP Melanin repigmentation after gingivectomy: a 5-year clinical and transmission electron microscopic study in humans. Int J Periodont Restorative Dent 1993;13(1):85-92.
  24. Tamizi M,. Taheri M. Treatment of severe physiologic gingival. pigmentation with free gingival autograft. Quintessence Int 1996 Aug;27(8):555-558.
  25. Nakamura Y,. Hossain M,. Hirayama K,. Matsumoto. K A clinical study on the removal of Gingival melanin pigmentation with the CO2.laser. Lasers Surg Med. 1999 Aug;25(2): 140-147.
  26. Esen E,. Haytac MC,. Oz IA,. Erdogan O,. Karsli ED Gingival. melanin pigmentation and its treatment with the CO2 laser Oral. Surg Oral. Med Oral. Pathol Oral. Radiol Endod. 2004 Nov;98(5):522-527.
  27. Perlmutter S, Tal H. Repigmentation of the gingiva following surgical injury. J Periodontol 1986 Jan;57(1):48-50.
  28. Suter VG, Bornstein MM. Ankyloglossia: facts and myths in diagnosis and treatment. J Periodontol 2009 Aug;80(8): 1204-1219.
  29. Messner AH, Lalakea ML. Ankyloglossia: controversies in management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2000 Aug;54(2-3): 123-131.
  30. Newkirk GR. Tongue-tie snipping (frenotomy) for ankyloglossia. In: Pfenninger JL, editor. Procedures for primary care physicians. 1st ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book Inc.; 1994. p. 287-290.
  31. Ceballos L, Osorio R, Toledano M. Microleakage of composite restorations after acid or Er-YAG laser cavity treatments. Dent Mater 2001 Jul;17(4):340-346.
  32. Wanderley RL, Monghini EM, Pecora JD, Palma-Dibb RG, Borsatto MC. Shear bond strength to enamel of primary teeth irradiated with varying Er:YAG laser energies and SEM examination of the surface morphology: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg 2005 Jun;23(3):260-267.
  33. Keller U, Hibst R. Effect of Er:YAG on enamel bonding of composite resin. SPIE Proc 1993 Jul 21;1880:127-133.
  34. Robles F, Ramos A, Zezell D, Eduardo CE. SEM and EDX evaluation of microleakage in cavities prepared with Er:YAG laser. J Dent Res 2000;79(5):1098.
  35. De Munck J, Van Meerbeek B, Yudhira R. Micro-tensile bond strength of two adhesives to Erbium:YAG-lased vs bur-cut enamel and dentin. Eur J Oral Sci 2002 Aug;110(4):322-329.
  36. Kim JH, Kwon OW, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Acid resistance of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser–treated and phosphoric acid-etched enamels. Angle Orthod 2006 Nov;76(6):1052-1056.
  37. Cardoso MV, De Munck J, Coutinho E. Influence of Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment on microtensile bond strength of adhesives to enamel. Oper Dent 2008 Jul-Aug;33(4):448-455.
  38. Borges BC, Borges JS, de Melo CD, Pinheiro IV, Santos AJ, Braz R, Montes MA. Efficacy of a novel at-home bleaching technique with carbamide peroxides modified by CPP-ACP and its effect on the microhardness of bleached enamel. Oper Dent 2011 Sep-Oct;36(5):521-528.
  39. Bayrak S, Tunc ES, Sonmez IS, Egilmez T, Ozmen B. Effects of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPPACP) application on enamel microhardness after bleaching. Am J D ent 2009 Dec;22(6):393-396.
  40. Sobral MA, Lachowski KM, de Rossi W, Braga SR, Ramalho KM. Effect of Nd: YAG laser and acidulated phosphate fluoride on bovine and human enamel submitted to erosion/ abrasion or erosion only: an in vitro preliminary study. Photomed Laser Surg 2009 Oct;27(5):709-713.
  41. Westerman GH, Ellis RW, Latta MA, Powell GL. An in vitro study of enamel surface microhardness following argon laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment. Pediatr Dent 2003 Sep-Oct;25(5):497-500.
  42. Vlacic, IA Meyers, LJ Walsh. Laser-activated fluoride treatment of enamel as prevention against erosion. Aust Dent J 2007;52:(3):175-180.
  43. Khamaal I. AL-Hasnawi, Wesal A. Al-Obaidi. Effect of Nd- YAG laser-irradiation on fluoride uptake by tooth enamel surface (in vitro). J Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry March 2014;26(1):154-158.
  44. Tagomori S, Morioka T. Combined effects of laser and fluoride on acid resistance of human dental enamel. Caries Res 1989;23(4):225-231.
  45. Zanin ICJ, Maristela ML, Rodrigues LKA, Pimenta LAF, Hofling JF, Goncalves RB. Photosensitization of in vitro Biofilms by toluidine blue O combined with a light emitting diode. Eur J Oral Sci 2006;114; 64-69.
  46. Overman PR. Biofilm: A new view of plaque. J Contemp Dent Pract 2000;1(3):18-29.
  47. Shibli JA, Martins MC, Nociti FH Jr, Garcia VG, Marcantonio E Jr. Treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis by lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration: A preliminary histologic study in dogs. J Periodontol 2003 Mar;74(3):338-45.
  48. Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Lindhe J. Spontaneous progression of experimentally induced peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:845-49.
  49. Rinke S, Ohl S, Ziebolz D, Lange K, Eickholz P. Rinke S, et al. Prevalence of peri-implant disease in partially edentulous patients: A practice-based cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011;22:826-33.
  50. Renvert S, Persson GR. Periodontitis as a potential risk factor for peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009;36:10:9-14.
  51. Cho-Yan Lee J, Mattheos N, Nixon KC, Ivanovski S. Residual periodontal pockets are a risk indicator for peri-implantitis in patients treated for periodontitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 23:323-33.
  52. Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Cortelli JR, Costa JE, Costa FO. Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in Brazilian subjects. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:929-35.
  53. Turkyilmaz I. One-year clinical outcome of dental implants placed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case series. Implant Dent 2010;19:323-29.
  54. Laine ML, Leonhardt A, Roos-Jansåker AM, Peña AS, van Winkelhoff AJ, Winkel EG, Renvert S. IL-1RN gene polymorphism is associated with peri-implantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17:380-85.
  55. Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Oral implant surfaces: Part 1— review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:536-43.
  56. Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. On implant surfaces: A review of current knowledge and opinions. Oral Maxillofac Implants 2010;25:63-74.
  57. Teughels W, Van Assche N, Sliepen I, Quirynen M. Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17(Suppl 2):68-81.
  58. Karoussis IK, Bragger U, Salvi GE, Burgin W, Lang NP. Effect of implant design on survival and success rates of titanium oral implants: A 10-year prospective cohort study of the ITI Dental Implant System. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004;15:8-17.
  59. Renvert S, Polyzois I, Claffey N. How do implant surface characteristics influence peri-implant disease? J Clin Periodontol 2011;38(Suppl 11):214-22.
  60. Lang NP, Tonetti M. Peri-implantitis: Etiology, pathogenesis, prevention and therapy, In: Dental implant complications etiology, prevention, and treatment: Forum SJ (Ed). Blackwell Publishing, West Sussex, United Kingdom 2010.
  61. Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Maghaireh H, Coulthard P, Worthington HV. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: Management of soft-tissues for dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;18.
  62. Bouri A Jr, Bissada N, Al-Zahrani MS, Faddoul F, Nouneh I. Width of keratinized gingiva and the health status of the supporting tissues around dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2008;23:323-26.
  63. Miyata T, Kobayashi Y, Araki H, Ohto T, Shin K. The influence of controlled occlusal overload on peri-implant tissue. Part 3: A histologic study in monkeys. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:425-31.
  64. Baron M, Haas R, Baron W, Mailath-Pokorny G. Peri-implant bone loss as a function of tooth-implant distance. Int J Prosthodont 2005;18:427-33.
  65. Dvorak G, Arnhart C, Heuberer S, Huber CD, Watzek G, Gruber R. Peri-implantitis and late implant failures in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Periodontol 2011;38: 950-55.
  66. Shabestari GO, Shayesteh YS, Khojasteh A, Alikhasi M, Moslemi N, Aminian A, et al. Implant placement in patients with oral bisphosphonate therapy: A case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2010; 12:175-80.
  67. Serino G, Turri A. Extent and location of bone loss at dental implants in patients with peri-implantitis. J Biomech 2011; 11:267-71.
  68. Renvert S, Polyzois I, Maguire R. Reosseointegration on previously contaminated surfaces: A systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res Sep 2009;20(Suppl 4):216-27.
  69. Niemz MH. Laser-tissue interactions-fundamentals and applications. Auage, Springer Verlag, Berlin-New York, 2003;45-149.
  70. Walsh LJ. The current status of laser applications in dentistry. Aust Dent J, 2003;48:146-55.
  71. Welch AJ. The thermal response of laser irradiated tissue. IEEE J Quant Electron 1984;20:1471-81.
  72. Gutknecht N, et al. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop of Evidence Based Dentistry on Lasers in Dentistry. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd. 2007.
  73. Duck FA. Physical properties of tissue. Academic Press London- Toronto, 1990.
  74. Ishii J, Fujita K, Komori T. Laser surgery as a treatment for oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol 2003;39(8):759-69.
  75. Katzir A. Lasers and optical fibers in medicine. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego-Boston 1993.
  76. Nathan MI, Dumke WP, Burns G, Dill Jr FH, Lasher G. Stimulated emission of radiation from GaAs p-n junctions. Appl Phys Lett 1962;1(3):62-64.
  77. Prahl SA. Optical absorption of hemoglobin. Oregon Medical Laser Center: http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin/ index.html
  78. Strassl M, Kassenbacher A, Wintner E. Ultrashort laser pulses in dentistry. J Oral Laser Appl 2002;2(4):213-22.
  79. Stabholz A, Zeltzser R, Sela M, Peretz B, Moshonov J, Ziskind D. The use of lasers in dentistry: Principles of operation and clinical applications. Compend 2003;24:811-24.
  80. Kreisler M, Daublander M, Willershausen-Zonnchen B, d‘Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on the survival rate of gingival fibroblast cell cultures. Laser Surg Med 2001a;28(5):445-50.
  81. Rastegar S, Jacques SL, Motamedi M, Kim BM. Theoretical analysis of equivalency of high- power diode laser and Nd:YAG laser for coagulation. Lasers in Dentistry, SPIE 1646:150-60, 1992.
  82. Theodoro LH, Haypek P, Bachmann L, Garcia VG, Sampaio JE, Zezell DM, Eduardo C de P. Effect of Er:YAG and diode laser irradiation on the root surface: Morphological and thermal analysis. J Periodontol 2003;74(6):838-43.
  83. White JM, Gekelman D, Shin K, Park X, Swenson T, Rouse B, Tran K, Bullard S, Scott- Beckles B, Oto MJSB, Yamamoto A. Laser interaction with dental soft tissues: What do we know from our years of applied scientific research? Lasers in Dentistry, SPIE 2002;4610:39-48.
  84. Adams TC, Pang PK. Lasers in Aesthetic Dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:833-60.
  85. Bach G, Neckel C, Mall C, Krekeler G. Conventional versus laser- assisted therapy of peri-implantitis: A five year comparative study. Implant Dent 2000;9:247-51.
  86. Clayman L, Kuo PC. Soft tissue excision techniques. In Clayman L, Kuo P. Lasers in Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry. Thieme Publ, Stuttgart 1997;63-83.
  87. Convissar RA, Diamond LB, Fazekas CD. Laser treatment of orthodontically induced gingival hyperplasia. Gen Dent 1996;44(1):47-51.
  88. Goharkay K, Moritz A, Wilder-Smith P, Schoop U, Kluger W, Jakolitsch S, Sperr W. Effects on oral soft tissue produced by a diode laser in vitro. J Oral Surg 1978;36:932-37.
  89. Olbricht SM, Stern RS, Tang SV, Noe JM, Arndt KA. Complications of cutaneous laser surgery: A survey. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(3):345-49.
  90. Pinheiro AL, Limeira Jr FA, Gerbi MEM, Ramalho LMP. Effect of 830 nm laser light on the repair of bone defects grafted with inorganic bovine bone and decalciûed cortical osseous membrane. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2003;21(6):383-88.
  91. Romanos GE. Atlas der chirurgischen Laserzahnheilkunde. Urban und Fischer Verlag, München 1999.
  92. Romanos GE, Nentwig GH. Present and future of lasers in oral soft tissue surgery: Clinical applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996;14(4):179-84.
  93. Strauss RA. Laser management of discrete lesions. In : Laser applications in oral maxillofacial surgery. (Eds) Catone G A, Alling C C, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1997
  94. White JM, Goodis HE, Horton J, Gold S. Current status of lasers in soft tissue dental surgery. J Periodontol 1994;65(7):733-35.
  95. Yousuf A, Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Yamada Y, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. Removal of gingival melanin pigmentation with the semiconductor diode laser: A case report. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2000;18:263-66.
  96. Zeinoun T, Nammour S, Dourov N, Aftimos G, Luomanen M. Myofibroblasts in healing laser excision wounds. Lasers Surg Med 2001;28:74-79.
  97. Al-Watban FA, Zhang XY. The comparison of effects between pulsed and CW lasers on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2004;22(1):15-18.
  98. Gutknecht N, Gogswaardt D, Conrads G, Apel C, Schubert C, Lampert F. Diode laser radiation and its bactericidal effect in root canal wall dentin. J Clin Las Med Surg 2000;57:57-60.
  99. Parkins F. Lasers in pediatric and adolescent dentistry. Dent Clin N Amer 2000;44:821-30.
  100. Santaella MR, Braun A, Matson E, Frentzen M. Effect of diode laser and fluoride varnish on initial surface demineralisation of primary dentition enamel: An in vitro study. Int J Paed Dent 2004;14:199-203.
  101. Tuner J, Hode L. The laser therapy handbook. Grängesberg 2004;231.
  102. Gherlone EF, Maiorana C, Grassi RF, Ciancaglini R, Cattoni F. The use of 980 nm diode and 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser for gingival retraction in fixed prostheses. J Oral Laser Applications 2004;4:183-90.
  103. Glauche CE, de Freitas PM, Vieira ND, Marques JL. Qualitative microanalysis of ions and ultrastructuralchanges in dentin exposed to laser irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 2005;36(4): 334-39.
  104. Gutknecht N, Zimmermann R, Lampert F. Lasers in periodontology: State of the art. J Oral Laser Applications 2001a;1:169-79.
  105. Kreisler M, Haj HA, d‘Hoedt B. Clinical efficacy of semiconductor laser application as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planning. Lasers Surg Med 2005;37:350-55.
  106. Mester E, Spiry T, Szende B, Tota JG. Effect of laser rays on wound healing. Am J Surg 1971;22:532-35.
  107. Patruta S, Franz A, Beer F, Goharkhay K, Sperr W, Moritz A. In vitro stimulatory effect of diode laser on the secretion of tissue inhibitor of matrix mealloproteinases 1(TIMP-1) in human gingival fibroblast: A preliminary report. J Oral Laser Applications 2004;4(3):167-70.
  108. Silveira LB, Silveira JB, Ribeiro MS, Garrocho AA, Novelli MD, Marigo H, Growth EB, et al. In vivo study on mast cells behavior following low intensity visible and near infrared laser radiation (abstract 304). Lasers Surg Med 2002;82.
  109. Bach G, Koch HK, Hellerich U, Venzke T. Konventionelle Diodenlaser versus Hochpulstechnik. Laser Journal 1/2008:18-20.
  110. Deppe H, Horch HH. Laseranwendungen in der chirurgischen Zahn-,Mund-und Kieferheilkunde. Laser Zahnheilkunde 2007;4:219-22.
  111. Horch HH, Deppe H. Laser anwendungen im Mund-Kiefer- Gesichtsbereich. In Horch HH: Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie. München: Elsevier 2007;797-820.
  112. Roodenburg JL, Witjes MJ, deVeld DC; Tan IB, Nauta JM: Lasers in dentistry. Use of lasers in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2002;109:470.
  113. Maiorana C, Salina S. Oral soft tissue pathologies: Long-term evaluation after laser treatment. J Oral Laser Appl 2001;1:20.
  114. Crippa R. Report on 103 cases of precancerous and other oral lesions treated with a diode laser. J Oral Laser Appl 2001;1:26.
  115. Bach G. Er:YAG versus Diode-Zwei Wellenlängen made in Baden-Württemberg. Laser Zahnheilkunde 2007;4:283-87.
  116. Andersen K. Laser technology- a surgical tool of the past, present and future. Aorn J 2003;78:794-802.
  117. Eichler J, Schneeweiss-Wolter C. Wirkung von Laserstrahlung auf Gewebe. MTA 1999;14:255.
  118. McKenzie AL. Physics of thermal processes in laser- tissue interaction. Phys Med Biol 1990;35:1175-209.
  119. Sullins KE. Diode laser and endoscopic laser surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002;32:639-648.
  120. Svaasand LO, Boerslid T, Oeveraasen M. Thermal and optical properties of living tissue: Application to laser-induced hyperthermia. Lasers Surg Med 1985;5:589-602.
  121. Welch AJ, Motamedi M, Rastegar S, LeCarpentier GL, Jansen D. Laser thermal ablation. Photochem. Photobiol 1991;53: 815-23.
  122. Lippert BM, et al. Wound healing after laser treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Lasers Med Sci. 2003;18(1):36-42.
  123. Grossenbacher R. Laser surgery in the oral cavity. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992;10(1):19-21.
  124. Guttenberg SA, Emery RW. Laser resurfacing and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Dermatol. Surg 1999;25(6):519.
  125. Coleton S. Laser treatment of atypical oral pigmentation. A case report. NY State Dent J 2006;72(2):22-23.
  126. Damante CA, et al. Histomorphometric study of the healing of human oral mucosa after gingivoplasty and low-level laser therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2004;35(5):377-84.
  127. Eichler J, Eichler HJ. Laser. Springer Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg- New York 1991.
  128. Manni J. Surgical diode lasers. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992;10: 377-80.
  129. Pick RM, Powel GL. Lasers in dentistry, soft tissue procedures. Dent Clin North Am 1993;37:281-97.
  130. Scherer H, Fuhere A, Hopf J. Current status of laser surgery of benign diseases in the area of soft palate. Laryngol Rhinol Otol 1994;73:14-18.
  131. Morita T, Okamura Y, Ookub K, et al. A new instrument for hemostatic vascular management in endoscopic surgery: Diode laser(STATLaser-SDL) and it‘s hand piece (Dual Hook). J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999;17:57-61.
  132. Claus PN. Comparative study on CW mode versus pulsed mode in AlGaAs diode lasers. SPIE Proc 2001;4249:44-49.
  133. Krause F, Frentzen M. Dioden- Laser in der zahnmedizinischen Anwendung. DGL Zeitschrift für Laserzahnheilkunde 2007;3/ 07:151-58.
  134. Coluzzi DJ. Lasers and soft tissue curettage: An update. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002;23:1104-111.
  135. Dederich DN. Laser curettage: An overview. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002;23:1097-103.
  136. Schwarz F, Sculean A, Berakdar M, Szathmari L, Geoerg T, Becker J. In vivo and in vitro effects of an Er:YAG laser, a diode laser, and scaling and root-planning on periodontally diseased root surfaces: A comparative histologic study. Lasers Surg Med 2003;32:359-66.
  137. Fontana CR, Kurachi C, Mendonca CR, Bagnato VS. Temperature variation at soft periodontal and rat bone tissue during a medium- power diode laser exposure. Photomed Lasres Surg 2004;22:519-22.
  138. Gold SJ, Vilardi MA. Pulsed laser beam effect on gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21(6):391-96.
  139. Borrajo JL, Varela LG, Castro LG, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Torreira MG: Diode laser (980 nm) as an adjunct to scaling and root planning. Photomed Laser Surg 2004;22:509-12.
  140. Kreisler M, Al Haj H, Daublander M, Gotz H, Duschner H, Willershausen B, D‘Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on root surface in vitro. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2002;20:63-69.
  141. Meister J, Franzen R. Dentale Lasersysteme Teil II: Der Dioden- Laser. DGL Zeitschrift für Laserzahnheilkunde 2007;3/07: 185-89.
  142. Alam T, Dawasaz AA, Thukral N, Jangam D. Surgical diode laser excision for peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma: A case report and literature review. J Oral Laser Applications 2008;8:43- 49.
  143. Convissar RA. An overview of laser wavelength used in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2000;44:753-765.
  144. Kreisler M, Meier C, Stender E, Daubländer M, Willershausen- Zönnchen B, de Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on the attachment rate of periodontal ligament cells: An in vitro study. J Periodontol Oct 2001;72(10):1312-17.
  145. Black P. Der Dentallaser in der oralen Chirurgie-Masterthese- Teil2 Laser Journal 1/2007: 16-21, 2007 146. Van Hillegersberg R: Fundamentals of Laser Surgery Eur J Surg Jan 1997;163(1): 3-12.
  146. Haina D, Landthaler M, Braun-Falco O, Waidelich W. Comparison of the maximum coagulation depth in human skin for different types of medical lasers. Lasers Surg Med 1987;7(4): 355-62.
  147. Sullins KE. Diode laser and endoscopic laser surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract May 2002;32(3):639-48.
  148. McKenzie AL. Physics of thermal processes in laser-tissue interaction. Phys Med Biol Sep 1990;35(9):1175-209.
  149. Reinisch L. Laser physics and tissue interaction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am Dec 1996;29(6):893-914.
  150. Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: Science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:751-70.
  151. Maiorana C, Salina S. Versatility of superpulsed diode laser in oral surgery: A clinical report. J Oral Laser Appl 2006;6: 193-99.
  152. Gold SI, Villardi MA. Pulsed laser beam effects on gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:391-96.
  153. Kamp M Halbleiterlaser. Vorlesung WS 2006, Technische Physik, Uni Würzburg 2006.
  154. Schäfer O. Die Entwicklung des Diodenlasers bis zur Digitalpulstechnik. Laser Journal 2/2008:6-7.
  155. Nanami T, Shiba H, Ikeuchi S, Nagai T, Asanami S, Shibata T. Clinical applications and basic studies of laser in dentistry and oral surgery. Keio J Med Dec.1993;42(4):199-201.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.