Comparison of Diode Lasers in Soft Tissue Surgery using CW and Superpulsed Mode: An in vivo Study
Ralf Borchers
Citation Information :
Borchers R. Comparison of Diode Lasers in Soft Tissue Surgery using CW and Superpulsed Mode: An in vivo Study. Int J Laser Dent 2011; 1 (1):17-27.
Dental soft tissue surgery by diode lasers in CW mode often causes carbonization of the tissues with following necrosis and a delay of wound healing. In vitro studies have already shown that superpulsed diode laser surgery has much less disadvantages for the tissues in histological approach. Purpose of this study was to investigate in vivo, if superpulsed mode of operation can realize an improvement for surgeon and patient in soft tissue surgery. A total of 26 patients were treated by diode lasers in different modes of operation for soft tissue surgery. Around 12 patients were treated by superpulsed Elexxion Claros diode laser: 810 nm; 10-50 W Ppeak; 10-20 ìs pulse duration; 12000-20000 Hz; 400 ìm fiber. 14 patients were treated by Vision MDL-10 diode laser: 980 nm; 2.5 W; CW mode and also 400 ìm fiber. Clinical treatment was documented by photos and questionnaires for patients and surgeons. Questions concerned: Carbonization, coagulation, cutting speed, pain, swelling, bleeding, need for drugs, functional reduction and fibrine layer on wounds—during treatment, directly after treatment, after 1 day, after 3 days and after 1 week. The clinical observations and the questionnaires showed in most cases signicant differences between CW mode and superpulsed diode laser treatment in surgery. It could be shown that superpulsed diode laser surgery is superior to continuous wave done treatment. Carbonization and thermal damage of the tissues can be reduced to a minimum, therefore healing is faster as in CW mode surgery. Generation of a soft tissue cut is faster and more precise. Patients have less pain in amount and time period. The need of drugs is reduced. There are less functional restrictions and there is less swelling. The advantages of superpulsed mode of operation for soft tissue diode laser surgery are evident. Continuous wave mode should no longer be implemented in diode laser surgery.
Gouw-Soares S, Tanji E, Haypek P, Cardoso W, Eduardo CP. The use of Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, and Ga-Al-As-Lasers in periapical surgery: A three-year clinical study. J Clin Lasers Med Surg 2001;19(4):193-98.
Schoop U, Kluger W, Moritz A, Sperr W. The bactericidal effect of different laser systems in deep dentin layers. Laser Congress, Florence 2003.
Wigdor HA, Walsh JT, Featherstone JDB, Visuri SR, Fried D, Waldvogel JL. Lasers in dentistry. Laser Surg Med 1995;16: 103-33.
Pick RM, Colvard MD. Current status of lasers in soft tissue dental surgery. J Periodontol 1993;64(7):589-602.
Horch HH. Laser in der oralen Chirurgie. Vortrag beim 11. Internationalen Jahreskongress der DGL. Berlin 2002.
Luomanen M, Virtanen I. Healing of laser and scalpel incision wounds of rat tongue mucosa as studied with cytoceratin antibodies. J Oral Pathol 1987;16:139-44.
Goharkhay K, et al. Effects on oral soft tissue produced by a diode laser in vitro. Laser Surg Med 1999;25:401-06.
Goharkhay K, Moritz A, Schoop U, Pattera C, Rumetzhofer A, Wernisch J, Sperr W. Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Laserwellenlängen auf die orale Schleimhaut-eine in vitro Studie. Stomatol 2000;97:173-79.
Stock K, Hibst R. Comparative in vitro study of diode laser (940 nm) and Nd:YAG laser for oral surgery. Lecture Laser Congress, Florence 2003
Rosenberg C, Tadir Y, et al. Endometrial laser ablation in rabbits: A comperative study on three laser types. Laser Surg Med 1990; 10:66-73.
Romanos G, et al. Laseranwendung in der Parodontologieaktueller Stand. Parodontologie 1998;4:299-312.
Gaspar L. The use of high power lasers in oral surgery. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1994;12(5):281-85.
Moritz A, Gutknecht N, Dörtbudak O, Schoop U, Schauer P, Sperr W. Bacterial reduction in periodontal pockets through irradiation with a diode laser: A pilot study. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1997;15(1):33-37.
Moritz A, Gutknecht N, Goharkhay K, Schoop U, Sperr W. Invitro irradiation of infected root canals with a diode laser: Results of microbiologic, infrared spectrometric and stain penetration examination. Quintessence Int 1997;28(3):205-09.
Gutknecht N, Moritz A, Conrads G, Lampert F. The diode laser and its bactericidal effect in root canals: An in vitro study. Endodontie 1997;3:217-22.
Hartmann HJ, Bach G. Diodenlaser-Oberächen- Dekontamination in der Periimplantitistherapie. Eine Drei- Jahres- Studie. ZWR 1997;106:524-26.
Romanos G, Nentwig GH. Diode laser (980 nm) in oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures: Observations based on clinical applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg 199;17(5):193-97.
Romanos GE. Treatment of periimplant lesions using different laser systems. J Oral Laser Appl 2002;2:75-81.
Romanos GE, Everts H, Nentwig GH. Effects of the diode (980 nm) and Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser irradiation on titanium discs: A SEM examination. J Periodontol 2000;71:810-15.
Salina S, Beretta M, Speroni S, Maiorana C. Treatment of periimplantitis with Diode Laser and GBR. Preliminary results. Laser Congress, Florence 2003.
McDavid VG, Cobb CM, Rapley JW, Glaros AG, Spencer P. Change in temperature of subjacent bone during soft tissue laser ablation. J Periodontol 1998;69:1278-82.
Soibelmann M. Verwendung dentaler Lasersysteme in der zahnärztlichen Praxis. Laser Journal 2007;4:30-33.
Moritz A, Gutknecht N, et al. Keimreduzierung in Zahneischtaschen durch Bestrahlung mit einem Diodenlaser. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1997;15(1):33-37.
Neckel C. Eine klinische und histologische Untersuchung zum Thema CW Mode oder 10.000- Hertz- topgepulster Ga-Al-As- Diodenlaser. DZW 9, 2001.
Bach G, Gutknecht N, Schneider H. Lasertherapie in der Zahnheilkunde. Diodenlaser in der Praxis. Apollonia Verlag, Linnich, 1998.
Moritz A, et al. Orale Lasertherapie. Quintessence Verlag, Berlin 2006.
Frentzen M, Koort HJ. Lasertechnik in der Zahnheilkunde Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1991;46:443-54.
Gutknecht N, Franzen R, Schippers M, Lampert F. Bactericidal effect of a 980-nm diode laser in the root canal wall dentin bovine teeth. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2004;22:9-13.
Kreisler M, Kohnen W, Beck M, Al Haj H, Christoffers AB, Gotz H, Duschner H, Jansen B, D Hoedt B. Efficacy of NaOCl/ H2O2 irrigation and GaAlAs laser in decontamination of root canals in vitro. Laser Surg Med 2003;32(3):189-96.
Capodiferro S, Maiorano E, Loiudice AM, Scarpelli F, Favia G. Oral laser surgical pathology: A preliminary study on the clinical advantages of diode laser and on the histopathological features of specimens evaluated by conventional and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Minerva Stomatol 2008;(1-2),57: 1-7.
D’Arcangelo C, Di Nardo Di Maio F, Prosperi GD, Conte E, Baldi M, Caputi S. A preliminary study of healing of diode laser versus scalpel incisions in rat oral tissue: A comparison of clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical results. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod Jun 2007;103(6):764-73 (Epub 2006 Nov).
Taylor DL, Schafer SA, Nordquist R, Payton ME, Dickey DT, Bartels KE. Comparison of a high power diode laser with the Nd:YAG laser using in situ wound strength analysis of healing cutaneous incisions. Lasers Surg Med 1997;21(3):248-54.
Grigorian AS, Grigoriants LA, Kasparov AS. Experimentalmorphological study of the effects of diode laser scalpel with different irradiation parameters (wave length 0.97 mm) on oral mucosa. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 2006;85(1):8-13.
Stübinger S, Saldamli B, Jürgens P, Ghazal G, Zeilhofer HF. Soft tissue surgery with the diode laser-theoretical and clinical aspects. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2006;116(8):812-20.
Geldi C, Bozkulak O, Tabakoglu HO, Isci S, Kurt A, Gulsoy M. Development of a surgical diode-laser system: Controlling the mode of operation. Photomed Laser Surg Dec 2006;24(6): 723-29.
Gulsoy M, Dereli Z, Tabakoglu HO, Bozkulak O. Closure of skin incisions by 980 nm diode laser welding. Lasers Med Sci Apr 2006;21(1):5-10 (Epub 2006 Mar 17).
Saleh HM, Saafan AM. Excision biopsy of tongue lesions by diode laser. Photomed Laser Surg Feb 2007;25(1):45-49.
Magid KS, Strauss RA. Laser use for esthetic soft tissue modification. Dent Clin North Am Apr 2007;51(2):525-45.
Sano F. Present status and future prospects of laser surgery: Advantages of the laser scalpel. Nippon Rinsho Apr 1987;45(4): 710-15. PMID: 3302355
Sarver DM. Use of the 810 nm diode laser: Soft tissue management and orthodontic applications of innovative technology. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent Oct 2006;18(9): suppl 7-13. PMID: 17139948
Walinski CJ. Irritation fibroma removal: A comparison of two laser wavelengths. Gen Dent May-Jun 2004;52(3):236-38. PMID: 15206255
Tamarit- Borras M, Delgado-Molina E, Berini-Aytes L, Gay- Escoda C. Removal of hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity. A retrospective study of 128 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal Mar-Apr 2005;10(2):151-62.
Kravitz ND, Kusnoto B. Soft-tissue lasers in orthodontics: An overview. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop Apr 2008;133 (4 Suppl):110-14.
Janda P, Sroka R, Mundweil B, Betz CS, Baumgartner R, Leunig A. Comparison of thermal tissue effects induced by contact application of fiber guided laser systems. Lasers Surg Med 2003; 33(2):93-101.
Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Bertrand MF, Merigo E, Nammour S, Vescovi P. Nd: YAG and diode laser in the surgical management of soft tissue related to orthodontic treatment. Photomed Laser Surg Oct 2007;25(5):381-92.
Deppe H, Horch HH. Laser applications in oral surgery and implant dentistry. Lasers Med Sci Nov 2007;22(4):217-21 (Epub 2007 Feb 1).
Lee EA. Laser assisted gingival tissue procedures in esthetic dentistry. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent Oct 2006;18(9):2-6.
Yeh S, Jain K, Andreana S. Using a diode laser to uncover dental implants in second-stage surgery. Gen Dent Nov-Dec 2005; 53(6):414-17.
Romanos GE, Henze M, Banihashemi S, Parsanejad HR, Winckler J, Nentwig GH. Removal of epithelium in periodontal pockets following diode (980 nm) laser application in the animal model: An in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg Jun 2004;22(3): 177-83.
Judy MM, Matthews JL, Aronoff BL, Hults DF. Soft tissue studies with 805 nm diode laser radiation: Thermal effects with contact tips and comparison with effects of 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser radiation. Lasers Surg Med 1993;13(5):528-36.
Vahl J, Van Benthem H: Laser in der Zahnmedizin. Quintessenz Verlag Berlin 1992.
Gutknecht N. Lasertherapie in der zahnärztlichen Praxis. Quintessenz Verlag Berlin, Chicago, London 1999.
Miserendino LJ, Pick RM. Lasers in Dentistry. Quintessenz Verlag Berlin, Chicago 1995.
Widgor HA, Walsh Jr JT, Featherstone JDB, Visuri SR, Fried D, Waldvogel JL. Lasers in Dentistry. Laser Surg Med 1995; 16:103-33.
Hopp M, Schlar N. Laser in der täglichen Anwendung. Teil 2: Fasergestütze Laser Zahn Prax 2003;6:90-104.
Hopp M, Schlar N, Perez-Canto A, Biffar R. Entfernung dystopischen Zungengewebes mittels Diodenlaser (980 nm) aus der Retromolarregion. Z Laserzahnheilkunde 2004;3:185-89.
Hopp M, Bogusch G, Biffar R. Speicheldrüsenexstirpation aus der Unterlippe mittels Diodenlaser (980 nm). Z Laserzahnheilkunde 2004;2:99-104.
Knappe V. Diode Lasers in Berlien HP, Müller G. Applied Laser Medicine. Auûage, Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York 2003;61- 71.
Adams TC, Pang PK. Lasers in aesthetic dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:833-60.
Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: Science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:751-70.
Jesse K. Laser-Grundlagen und moderne Trends. Auage VDE Verlag, Berlin-Offenbach, 1999:35-54.
Meister J, Franzen R, Apel C. Grundlagen der Laserzahnheilkunde, Teil 1: Das Licht. Z Laserzahnheilkunde 2004a;1:57-61.
Meister J, Franzen R, Apel C. Grundlagen der Laserzahnheilkunde, Teil 3: Die Licht-Gewebe-Wechselwirkung. Z Laserzahnheilkunde 2004b;3:199-204.
Niemz MH. Laser-tissue interactions-fundamentals and applications. Auage, Springer Verlag, Berlin-New York, 2003;45-149.
Walsh LJ. The current status of laser applications in dentistry. Aust Dent J, 2003;48:146-55.
Welch AJ. The thermal response of laser irradiated tissue. IEEE J Quant Electron 1984;20:1471-81.
Gutknecht N, et al. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop of Evidence Based Dentistry on Lasers in Dentistry. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd. 2007.
Ishii J, Fujita K, Komori T. Laser surgery as a treatment for oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol 2003;39(8):759-69.
Katzir A. Lasers and optical fibers in medicine. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego-Boston 1993.
Nathan MI, Dumke WP, Burns G, Dill Jr FH, Lasher G. Stimulated emission of radiation from GaAs p-n junctions. Appl Phys Lett 1962;1(3):62-64.
Prahl SA. Optical absorption of hemoglobin. Oregon Medical Laser Center: http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/hemoglobin/ index.html
Strassl M, Kassenbacher A, Wintner E. Ultrashort laser pulses in dentistry. J Oral Laser Appl 2002;2(4):213-22.
Stabholz A, Zeltzser R, Sela M, Peretz B, Moshonov J, Ziskind D. The use of lasers in dentistry: Principles of operation and clinical applications. Compend 2003;24:811-24.
Kreisler M, Daublander M, Willershausen-Zonnchen B, d‘Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on the survival rate of gingival fibroblast cell cultures. Laser Surg Med 2001a;28(5):445-50.
Rastegar S, Jacques SL, Motamedi M, Kim BM. Theoretical analysis of equivalency of high- power diode laser and Nd:YAG laser for coagulation. Lasers in Dentistry, SPIE 1646:150-60, 1992.
Theodoro LH, Haypek P, Bachmann L, Garcia VG, Sampaio JE, Zezell DM, Eduardo C de P. Effect of Er:YAG and diode laser irradiation on the root surface: Morphological and thermal analysis. J Periodontol 2003;74(6):838-43.
White JM, Gekelman D, Shin K, Park X, Swenson T, Rouse B, Tran K, Bullard S, Scott- Beckles B, Oto MJSB, Yamamoto A. Laser interaction with dental soft tissues: What do we know from our years of applied scientific research? Lasers in Dentistry, SPIE 2002;4610:39-48.
Adams TC, Pang PK. Lasers in Aesthetic Dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:833-60.
Bach G, Neckel C, Mall C, Krekeler G. Conventional versus laser- assisted therapy of peri-implantitis: A five year comparative study. Implant Dent 2000;9:247-51.
Clayman L, Kuo PC. Soft tissue excision techniques. In Clayman L, Kuo P. Lasers in Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry. Thieme Publ, Stuttgart 1997;63-83.
Convissar RA, Diamond LB, Fazekas CD. Laser treatment of orthodontically induced gingival hyperplasia. Gen Dent 1996;44(1):47-51.
Goharkay K, Moritz A, Wilder-Smith P, Schoop U, Kluger W, Jakolitsch S, Sperr W. Effects on oral soft tissue produced by a diode laser in vitro. J Oral Surg 1978;36:932-37.
Olbricht SM, Stern RS, Tang SV, Noe JM, Arndt KA. Complications of cutaneous laser surgery: A survey. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(3):345-49.
Pinheiro AL, Limeira Jr FA, Gerbi MEM, Ramalho LMP. Effect of 830 nm laser light on the repair of bone defects grafted with inorganic bovine bone and decalciûed cortical osseous membrane. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2003;21(6):383-88.
Romanos GE. Atlas der chirurgischen Laserzahnheilkunde. Urban und Fischer Verlag, München 1999.
Romanos GE, Nentwig GH. Present and future of lasers in oral soft tissue surgery: Clinical applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996;14(4):179-84.
Strauss RA. Laser management of discrete lesions. In : Laser applications in oral maxillofacial surgery. (Eds) Catone G A, Alling C C, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1997
White JM, Goodis HE, Horton J, Gold S. Current status of lasers in soft tissue dental surgery. J Periodontol 1994;65(7):733-35.
Yousuf A, Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Yamada Y, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. Removal of gingival melanin pigmentation with the semiconductor diode laser: A case report. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2000;18:263-66.
Zeinoun T, Nammour S, Dourov N, Aftimos G, Luomanen M. Myofibroblasts in healing laser excision wounds. Lasers Surg Med 2001;28:74-79.
Al-Watban FA, Zhang XY. The comparison of effects between pulsed and CW lasers on wound healing. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2004;22(1):15-18.
Gutknecht N, Gogswaardt D, Conrads G, Apel C, Schubert C, Lampert F. Diode laser radiation and its bactericidal effect in root canal wall dentin. J Clin Las Med Surg 2000;57:57-60.
Parkins F. Lasers in pediatric and adolescent dentistry. Dent Clin N Amer 2000;44:821-30.
Santaella MR, Braun A, Matson E, Frentzen M. Effect of diode laser and fluoride varnish on initial surface demineralisation of primary dentition enamel: An in vitro study. Int J Paed Dent 2004;14:199-203.
Tuner J, Hode L. The laser therapy handbook. Grängesberg 2004;231.
Gherlone EF, Maiorana C, Grassi RF, Ciancaglini R, Cattoni F. The use of 980 nm diode and 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser for gingival retraction in fixed prostheses. J Oral Laser Applications 2004;4:183-90.
Glauche CE, de Freitas PM, Vieira ND, Marques JL. Qualitative microanalysis of ions and ultrastructuralchanges in dentin exposed to laser irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 2005;36(4): 334-39.
Gutknecht N, Zimmermann R, Lampert F. Lasers in periodontology: State of the art. J Oral Laser Applications 2001a;1:169-79.
Kreisler M, Haj HA, d‘Hoedt B. Clinical efficacy of semiconductor laser application as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planning. Lasers Surg Med 2005;37:350-55.
Mester E, Spiry T, Szende B, Tota JG. Effect of laser rays on wound healing. Am J Surg 1971;22:532-35.
Patruta S, Franz A, Beer F, Goharkhay K, Sperr W, Moritz A. In vitro stimulatory effect of diode laser on the secretion of tissue inhibitor of matrix mealloproteinases 1(TIMP-1) in human gingival fibroblast: A preliminary report. J Oral Laser Applications 2004;4(3):167-70.
Silveira LB, Silveira JB, Ribeiro MS, Garrocho AA, Novelli MD, Marigo H, Growth EB, et al. In vivo study on mast cells behavior following low intensity visible and near infrared laser radiation (abstract 304). Lasers Surg Med 2002;82.
Bach G, Koch HK, Hellerich U, Venzke T. Konventionelle Diodenlaser versus Hochpulstechnik. Laser Journal 1/2008:18-20.
Deppe H, Horch HH. Laseranwendungen in der chirurgischen Zahn-,Mund-und Kieferheilkunde. Laser Zahnheilkunde 2007;4:219-22.
Horch HH, Deppe H. Laser anwendungen im Mund-Kiefer- Gesichtsbereich. In Horch HH: Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie. München: Elsevier 2007;797-820.
Roodenburg JL, Witjes MJ, deVeld DC; Tan IB, Nauta JM: Lasers in dentistry. Use of lasers in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2002;109:470.
Maiorana C, Salina S. Oral soft tissue pathologies: Long-term evaluation after laser treatment. J Oral Laser Appl 2001;1:20.
Crippa R. Report on 103 cases of precancerous and other oral lesions treated with a diode laser. J Oral Laser Appl 2001;1:26.
Bach G. Er:YAG versus Diode-Zwei Wellenlängen made in Baden-Württemberg. Laser Zahnheilkunde 2007;4:283-87.
Andersen K. Laser technology- a surgical tool of the past, present and future. Aorn J 2003;78:794-802.
Eichler J, Schneeweiss-Wolter C. Wirkung von Laserstrahlung auf Gewebe. MTA 1999;14:255.
McKenzie AL. Physics of thermal processes in laser- tissue interaction. Phys Med Biol 1990;35:1175-209.
Sullins KE. Diode laser and endoscopic laser surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002;32:639-648.
Svaasand LO, Boerslid T, Oeveraasen M. Thermal and optical properties of living tissue: Application to laser-induced hyperthermia. Lasers Surg Med 1985;5:589-602.
Welch AJ, Motamedi M, Rastegar S, LeCarpentier GL, Jansen D. Laser thermal ablation. Photochem. Photobiol 1991;53: 815-23.
Lippert BM, et al. Wound healing after laser treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Lasers Med Sci. 2003;18(1):36-42.
Grossenbacher R. Laser surgery in the oral cavity. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992;10(1):19-21.
Guttenberg SA, Emery RW. Laser resurfacing and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Dermatol. Surg 1999;25(6):519.
Coleton S. Laser treatment of atypical oral pigmentation. A case report. NY State Dent J 2006;72(2):22-23.
Damante CA, et al. Histomorphometric study of the healing of human oral mucosa after gingivoplasty and low-level laser therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2004;35(5):377-84.
Eichler J, Eichler HJ. Laser. Springer Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg- New York 1991.
Manni J. Surgical diode lasers. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1992;10: 377-80.
Pick RM, Powel GL. Lasers in dentistry, soft tissue procedures. Dent Clin North Am 1993;37:281-97.
Scherer H, Fuhere A, Hopf J. Current status of laser surgery of benign diseases in the area of soft palate. Laryngol Rhinol Otol 1994;73:14-18.
Morita T, Okamura Y, Ookub K, et al. A new instrument for hemostatic vascular management in endoscopic surgery: Diode laser(STATLaser-SDL) and it‘s hand piece (Dual Hook). J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999;17:57-61.
Claus PN. Comparative study on CW mode versus pulsed mode in AlGaAs diode lasers. SPIE Proc 2001;4249:44-49.
Krause F, Frentzen M. Dioden- Laser in der zahnmedizinischen Anwendung. DGL Zeitschrift für Laserzahnheilkunde 2007;3/ 07:151-58.
Coluzzi DJ. Lasers and soft tissue curettage: An update. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002;23:1104-111.
Schwarz F, Sculean A, Berakdar M, Szathmari L, Geoerg T, Becker J. In vivo and in vitro effects of an Er:YAG laser, a diode laser, and scaling and root-planning on periodontally diseased root surfaces: A comparative histologic study. Lasers Surg Med 2003;32:359-66.
Fontana CR, Kurachi C, Mendonca CR, Bagnato VS. Temperature variation at soft periodontal and rat bone tissue during a medium- power diode laser exposure. Photomed Lasres Surg 2004;22:519-22.
Borrajo JL, Varela LG, Castro LG, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Torreira MG: Diode laser (980 nm) as an adjunct to scaling and root planning. Photomed Laser Surg 2004;22:509-12.
Kreisler M, Al Haj H, Daublander M, Gotz H, Duschner H, Willershausen B, D‘Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on root surface in vitro. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2002;20:63-69.
Meister J, Franzen R. Dentale Lasersysteme Teil II: Der Dioden- Laser. DGL Zeitschrift für Laserzahnheilkunde 2007;3/07: 185-89.
Alam T, Dawasaz AA, Thukral N, Jangam D. Surgical diode laser excision for peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma: A case report and literature review. J Oral Laser Applications 2008;8:43- 49.
Convissar RA. An overview of laser wavelength used in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2000;44:753-765.
Kreisler M, Meier C, Stender E, Daubländer M, Willershausen- Zönnchen B, de Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on the attachment rate of periodontal ligament cells: An in vitro study. J Periodontol Oct 2001;72(10):1312-17.
Black P. Der Dentallaser in der oralen Chirurgie-Masterthese- Teil2 Laser Journal 1/2007: 16-21, 2007 146. Van Hillegersberg R: Fundamentals of Laser Surgery Eur J Surg Jan 1997;163(1): 3-12.
Haina D, Landthaler M, Braun-Falco O, Waidelich W. Comparison of the maximum coagulation depth in human skin for different types of medical lasers. Lasers Surg Med 1987;7(4): 355-62.
Sullins KE. Diode laser and endoscopic laser surgery. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract May 2002;32(3):639-48.
McKenzie AL. Physics of thermal processes in laser-tissue interaction. Phys Med Biol Sep 1990;35(9):1175-209.
Reinisch L. Laser physics and tissue interaction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am Dec 1996;29(6):893-914.
Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: Science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004;48:751-70.
Maiorana C, Salina S. Versatility of superpulsed diode laser in oral surgery: A clinical report. J Oral Laser Appl 2006;6: 193-99.
Kamp M Halbleiterlaser. Vorlesung WS 2006, Technische Physik, Uni Würzburg 2006.
Schäfer O. Die Entwicklung des Diodenlasers bis zur Digitalpulstechnik. Laser Journal 2/2008:6-7.
Nanami T, Shiba H, Ikeuchi S, Nagai T, Asanami S, Shibata T. Clinical applications and basic studies of laser in dentistry and oral surgery. Keio J Med Dec.1993;42(4):199-201.